A Novel Pathogenic Variant in the MN1 Gene in a Patient Presenting with Rhombencephalosynapsis and Craniofacial Anomalies, Expanding MN1 C-terminal Truncation Syndrome.

Meningioma-1 is a transcription activator that regulates mammalian palate development and is required for appropriate osteoblast proliferation, motility, differentiation, and function. Microdeletions involving the MN1 gene have been linked to syndromes including craniofacial anomalies, such as Toriello-Carey syndrome. Recently, truncating variants in the C-terminal portion of the MN1 transcriptional factor have been linked to a characteristic and distinct phenotype presenting with craniofacial anomalies and partial rhombencephalosynapsis, a rare brain malformation characterized by midline fusion of the cerebellar hemispheres with partial or complete loss of the cerebellar vermis. It has been called MN1 C-terminal truncation (MCTT) syndrome or CEBALID (Craniofacial defects, dysmorphic Ears, Brain Abnormalities, Language delay, and Intellectual Disability) and suggested to be caused by dominantly acting truncated protein MN1 instead of haploinsufficiency. As a proto-oncogene, MN1 is also involved in familial meningioma. In this study, we present a novel case of MCTT syndrome in a female patient presenting with craniofacial anomalies and rhombencephalosynapsis, harboring a de novo pathogenic variant in the MN1 gene: c.3686_3698del, p.(Met1229Argfs*87).

Expanding the Phenotypic Spectrum of Alazami Syndrome: Two Unrelated Spanish Families.

Alazami syndrome is a rare disorder with an autosomal recessive inheritance caused by pathogenic biallelic variants in the LARP7 gene. Clinically, it is mainly characterized by short stature, intellectual disability, and dysmorphic facial features. However, the phenotype is not yet well-defined because less than 50 cases have been described to date. Here, we report three new patients from two unrelated Spanish families who, in addition to the defined features of Alazami syndrome, also exhibit unique features that broaden the phenotypic spectrum of the syndrome. Moreover, we describe the novel frameshift variant c.690_699delins27 in the LARP7 gene, in which loss of function is a known mechanism of Alazami syndrome.

Fragile X Syndrome Caused by Maternal Somatic Mosaicism of FMR1 Gene: Case Report and Literature Review.

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by an abnormal expansion of the number of trinucleotide CGG repeats located in the 5' UTR in the first exon of the FMR1 gene. Size and methylation mosaicisms are commonly observed in FXS patients. Both types of mosaicisms might be associated with less severe phenotypes depending on the number of cells expressing FMRP. Although this dynamic mutation is the main underlying cause of FXS, other mechanisms, including point mutations or deletions, can lead to FXS. Several reports have demonstrated that de novo deletions including the entire or a portion of the FMR1 gene end up with the absence of FMRP and, thus, can lead to the typical clinical features of FXS. However, very little is known about the clinical manifestations associated with FMR1 gene deletions in mosaicism. Here, we report an FXS case caused by an entire hemizygous deletion of the FMR1 gene caused by maternal mosaicism. This manuscript reports this case and a literature review of the clinical manifestations presented by carriers of FMR1 gene deletions in mosaicism.

Hereditary cerebral small vessel disease: Assessment of a HTRA1 variant using protein stability predictors and 3D modelling.

Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) is an autosomal recessive vascular disorder caused by biallellic variants in HTRA1. Recently, it has been reported that several heterozygous mutations in HTRA1 are responsible for a milder late-onset cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. The majority of them are missense that affects the Htr1A protease activity due to a dominant-negative effect caused by defective trimerization or monomer activation. The molecular mechanism related to the structural destabilization of the protein supports the practical utility of integrating computational stability predictors to prioritize candidate variants in this gene. In this work, we report a family with several members diagnosed with subcortical ischemic events and progressive cognitive impairment caused by the novel c.820C > G, p.(Arg274Gly) heterozygous variant in HTRA1 segregating in an autosomal dominant manner and propose its molecular mechanism by a three-dimensional model of the protein's structure.

Heterozygous and Homozygous Variants in SORL1 Gene in Alzheimer's Disease Patients: Clinical, Neuroimaging and Neuropathological Findings.

In the last few years, the SORL1 gene has been strongly implicated in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We performed whole-exome sequencing on 37 patients with early-onset dementia or family history suggestive of autosomal dominant dementia. Data analysis was based on a custom panel that included 46 genes related to AD and dementia. SORL1 variants were present in a high proportion of patients with candidate variants (15%, 3/20). We expand the clinical manifestations associated with the SORL1 gene by reporting detailed clinical and neuroimaging findings of six unrelated patients with AD and SORL1 mutations. We also present for the first time a patient with the homozygous truncating variant c.364C>T (p.R122*) in SORL1, who also had severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Furthermore, we report neuropathological findings and immunochemistry assays from one patient with the splicing variant c.4519+5G>A in the SORL1 gene, in which AD was confirmed by neuropathological examination. Our results highlight the heterogeneity of clinical presentation and familial dementia background of SORL1-associated AD and suggest that SORL1 might be contributing to AD development as a risk factor gene rather than as a major autosomal dominant gene.

Towards a Change in the Diagnostic Algorithm of Autism Spectrum Disorders: Evidence Supporting Whole Exome Sequencing as a First-Tier Test.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a prevalent and extremely heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) with a strong genetic component. In recent years, the clinical relevance of de novo mutations to the aetiology of ASD has been demonstrated. Current guidelines recommend chromosomal microarray (CMA) and a FMR1 testing as first-tier tests, but there is increasing evidence that support the use of NGS for the diagnosis of NDDs. Specifically in ASD, it has not been extensively evaluated and, thus, we performed and compared the clinical utility of CMA, FMR1 testing, and/or whole exome sequencing (WES) in a cohort of 343 ASD patients. We achieved a global diagnostic rate of 12.8% (44/343), the majority of them being characterised by WES (33/44; 75%) compared to CMA (9/44; 20.4%) or FMR1 testing (2/44; 4.5%). Taking into account the age at which genetic testing was carried out, we identified a causal genetic alteration in 22.5% (37/164) of patients over 5 years old, but only in 3.9% (7/179) of patients under this age. Our data evidence the higher diagnostic power of WES compared to CMA in the study of ASD and support the implementation of WES as a first-tier test for the genetic diagnosis of this disorder, when there is no suspicion of fragile X syndrome.

First patient with mosaic NOTCH3 gene pathogenic variant. Unrevealed mosaicisms and importance of their detection.

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an inherited small vessel disease caused predominantly by pathogenic variants in NOTCH3 gene. Neither germline nor somatic mosaicism has been previously published in NOTCH3 gene. CADASIL is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner; only rare cases have been associated with de novo pathogenic variants. Mosaicism is more common than previously thought because mosaic variants often stay unrevealed. An apparently de novo variant might actually be a consequence of a parental mosaicism undetectable with Sanger sequencing, especially in the case of low grade mosaicism. Parental testing by sensitive tools like deep targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis could detect cases of unrevealed medium or low level mosaicism in patients tested by Sanger sequencing. Here, we report the first patient with mosaic NOTCH3 gene pathogenic variant to our knowledge; the allelic fraction in the leucocyte DNA was low (13%); the pathogenic variant was inhered by his two daughters. The patient was diagnosed by deep targeted NGS analysis after studying his two affected daughters. This report highlights the importance of parental testing by sensitive tools like deep targeted NGS analysis. Detection of mosaicism is of great importance for diagnosis and adequate family genetic counseling.

CDK4/6 Inhibitor as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Advanced Bladder Cancer Independently of RB1 Status.

PURPOSE: Bladder cancer is a clinical and social problem due to its high incidence and recurrence rates. It frequently appears in elderly patients showing other medical comorbidities that hamper the use of standard chemotherapy. We evaluated the activity of CDK4/6 inhibitor as a new therapy for patients unfit for cisplatin (CDDP). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Bladder cancer cell lines were tested for in vitro sensitivity to CDK4/6 inhibition. A novel metastatic bladder cancer mouse model was developed and used to test its in vivo activity. RESULTS: Cell lines tested were sensitive to CDK4/6 inhibition, independent on RB1 gene status. Transcriptome analyses and knockdown experiments revealed a major role for FOXM1 in this response. CDK4/6 inhibition resulted in reduced FOXM1 phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo and showed synergy with CDDP, allowing a significant tumor regression. FOXM1 exerted important oncogenic roles in bladder cancer. CONCLUSIONS: CDK4/6 inhibitors, alone or in combination, are a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with advanced bladder cancer previously classified as unfit for current treatment options.

Cardiopatías congénitas y cromosomopatías en vida fetal: ¿siempre cariotipo? / Congenital heart defects and chromosomal anomalies in fetal life: should a chromosomal study always be offered?

Objetivos: Analizar la relación entre las cardiopatías congénitas (CC) y las cromosomopatías en vida fetal. Método: Estudio retrospectivo realizado en un centro terciario de referencia. Seleccionamos las CC diagnosticadas prenatalmente entre 1990 y 2011, con verificación posnatal del diagnóstico y con información disponible del cariotipo. La recomendación de realizar técnica invasiva prenatal para estudio del cariotipo dependió del tipo de CC y de la existencia de otros factores de riesgo de cromosomopatía. Resultados: Se analizaron 1.384 CC. El cariotipo se estudió prenatalmente en 848 (61,3%) y en el resto o se estudió posnatalmente (172; 12,4%) o se excluyó clínicamente la presencia de cromosomopatía por la ausencia de marcadores clínicos indicativos de aquella (364; 26,3%). Existía una cromosomopatía en 363 CC (26,2%). El diagnóstico fue prenatal en 324 (89,3%) y posnatal en 39 (10,7%). En estos casos no se realizó el estudio prenatal del cariotipo principalmente por la negativa de los padres (n = 28). La CC que mostró mayor asociación con cromosomopatías fue el canal aurículo-ventricular (66,7%). Esta asociación fue nula en algunas CC como la transposición de grandes arterias o el ventrículo único. Lo mismo sucedió en la atresia tricúspide aislada y en los síndromes de heterotaxia sin anomalías ajenas a las que forman parte del síndrome. Conclusiones: Aun siendo enormemente relevante la información del cariotipo en los fetos con CC para la toma de decisiones de los padres y el pronóstico del paciente, la recomendación de dicho estudio ha de individualizarse según las características de cada caso, pudiendo evitarse los riesgos de la técnica invasiva diagnóstica en muchos casos(AU)

Objectives: To assess the relationship between congenital heart defects (CHD) and chromosomal abnormalities in fetal life. Methods: This is a retrospective study undertaken at a tertiary care referral center. Our database was queried for cases of CHD prenatally diagnosed between 1990 and 2011, with postnatal diagnostic verification, as well as information available as regards the karyotype. The recommendation for performing fetal invasive procedures relied upon the type of CHD and the presence of associated high-risk factors of chromosomal disease. Results: A total of 1,384 CHD were retrieved and analyzed. The karyotype was studied prenatally in 848 (61.3%) and in the rest was either studied postnatally (172, 12.4%) or the presence of chromosomal disease was clinically ruled out given the absence of suggestive clinical markers (364, 26.3%). Chromosomal defects were diagnosed in 363 CHD (26.2%). The diagnosis was made prenatally in 324 (89.3%), and after birth in 39 (10.7%). In most of these cases (n = 28) the parents refused fetal invasive testing. We found that atrioventricular septal defect was the CHD most associated with chromosomal abnormalities (66.7%). On the contrary, we did not observe any chromosomal defect in CHD, such as transposition of large arteries or single ventricle. Similarly, there was no abnormal karyotype in isolated tricuspid atresia or in heterotaxy syndromes presenting without anomalies other than those typically included in the disease. Conclusions: Karyotype analysis is highly relevant in fetuses with CHD, given its impact in the parental decision-making process and patient outcome. Nevertheless, the recommendation of performing fetal invasive testing should be based on the individual characteristics of any given case, and in many cases the risks associated with the invasive procedure could be avoidable(AU)